Malignant brain tumors, including gliomas (like glioblastomas, GBM) and brain metastases (BrM), are among the most difficult cancers to treat, often leading to a challenging prognosis for patients despite the best available therapies—surgery, radiation, and systemic treatments. Researchers are desperately seeking a deeper understanding of the brain tumor microenvironment (TME) to advance biology and improve patient outcomes.

Cancer remains one of the most formidable health challenges globally, and metastatic colorectal cancer is particularly aggressive and difficult to treat. "Metastatic" means the cancer has spread from its original site in the colon or rectum to other parts of the body, making it much harder to control.